2025-11-12 ペンシルベニア州立大学(PennState)
<関連情報>
- https://www.psu.edu/news/health-and-human-development/story/parenting-stress-rather-parental-gender-identity-predicts-child
- https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/icd.70051
ノンバイナリーおよびバイナリートランスジェンダーの親を持つ子どもの適応は、性自認ではなく子育てストレスによって予測される Parenting Stress, Rather Than Gender Identity, Predicts Child Adjustment Among Children of Nonbinary and Binary Transgender Parents
Samantha L. Tornello, Rachel G. Riskind, Lizbeth Benson
Infant and Child Development Published: 12 September 2025
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1002/icd.70051
ABSTRACT
Social scientists know little about the experiences of transgender and nonbinary (TGNB) parents and their children’s development. In this study of 138 transgender parents (age M = 35.28 years; 86.2% White/European American) with binary (52.9%) and nonbinary (47.1%) gender identities, we explore the links between family processes and young children’s (age M = 6.30 years; 86.2% White/European American assigned female at birth = 47.8%) internalising and externalising behaviours. Bayes Factors suggested moderate to strong evidence that children’s development and family processes did not differ by parent gender identity. Many parents reported clinical levels of depressive symptoms. However, their children experience typical development despite high parental depressive symptomology. Parenting stress, not parent gender identity or depressive symptoms, was the only credible predictor of children’s externalising, internalising and total behavioural adjustment (M = 0.3; BF = 1.9e + 7; M = 0.3; BF = 1.1e + 7; M = 0.3; BF = 4.1e + 10, respectively). The implications of these findings are relevant to healthcare providers, legal experts and professionals who work with children and families and contradict the practice of citing unsupported and unfounded concerns that TGNB parents’ marginalised gender identity could harm their children’s functioning.
Summary
- In a large, non-clinical sample of 138 families with transgender and nonbinary (TGNB) parents, we found that parenting stress—rather than parental gender identity or depressive symptoms—was the only credible predictor of children’s behavioral adjustment.
- Our findings demonstrated that young children with TGNB parents showed typical psychological development, despite many parents reporting clinical levels of depressive symptoms.
- These findings indicate that children’s well-being is more closely tied to family processes and dynamics, such as parental stress, than to a parent’s gender identity.
- The implications of this study are relevant to healthcare providers, legal experts, and other professionals who work with children and families. Our findings directly contradict the practice of citing unsupported concerns that a TGNB parent’s gender identity could be harmful to their child’s functioning.
