発達心理学:他者への関心は生後2年目に現れる(Developmental psychology: concern for others emerges during second year of life)

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2024-03-26 ミュンヘン大学(LMU)

18か月の子どもは他人の苦しみに共感し、自己と他者を区別できる能力がある。この発見は、共感的関心の発達にとって重要であり、感情の共有だけでなく、他者の視点を理解する能力も必要とされる。親の感受性が子どもの共感的関心に影響し、共感的関心は社会的に獲得される。研究は、共感的関心が善意的な行動に重要であることを示唆している。

<関連情報>

子どもはいつから他者を思いやるようになるのか?生後2年間における共感的関心の発生論的成長 When do children begin to care for others? The ontogenetic growth of empathic concern across the first two years of life

Markus Paulus, Tamara Becher, Natalie Christner, Marina Kammermeier, Burkhard Gniewosz, Carolina Pletti
Cognitive Development  Available online:23 March 2024
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogdev.2024.101439

発達心理学:他者への関心は生後2年目に現れる(Developmental psychology: concern for others emerges during second year of life)

Highlights

•We explored the ontogeny of concern for others in early childhood.

•Infants do not show concern for others that is specific to others’ suffering.

•Concern for others emerges in the second year.

•Self-other-understanding and maternal sensitivity related to other-oriented concerns in toddlerhood.

Abstract

Empathic concern for others plays a central role for human cooperation and is proposed to be key in moral development. Developmental theories disagree on the age of emergence of empathic concern in human ontogeny and the factors supporting its early development. To assess different theoretical views, the current study longitudinally assessed infants’ (N = 127) reactions towards an experimenter and their mothers simulating pain at 6, 10, 14, and 18 months. As an emotional control condition, infants’ reactions towards a laughing experimenter were assessed. Maternal sensitivity, children’s temperamental emotionality, and self-recognition were included as predictors. True intraindividual change models were applied to capture the growth of empathic concern in early development. Overall, there were minor and inconsistent differences in children’s responses to laughing and crying others in the first year of life, whereas clear differences emerged in the second year. At 6 months, scale values of empathic concern were significantly related to measures of infant distress suggesting that infants experience emotional contagion and not veridical empathic concern. At 18 months, children’s concern towards the experimenter was related to their concern towards their mother. Maternal sensitivity, negative emotionality and self-recognition were related to children’s empathic concern within the second year. These findings suggest that empathic concern emerges in the second year and point to a gradual emergence of concern for others in human ontogeny.

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